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Hammurabi$506539$ - translation to English
![The text. The arrangement of the Code's [[cuneiform]] was antiquated when it was written.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Code of Hammurabi IMG 1937.JPG?width=200 "The text. The arrangement of the Code's [[cuneiform]] was antiquated when it was written.")
![Father Jean-Vincent Scheil]], first modern editor of the Code](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cours de M. le professeur Scheil (Assyriologie), la Sorbonne, École des hautes études.jpg?width=200 "Father Jean-Vincent Scheil]], first modern editor of the Code")
![Ea/Enki]], [[god of wisdom]] whom Hammurabi implores to confuse any defacer of his stele, depicted on a [[cylinder seal]] c. 2300 BC](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Enki(Ea).jpg?width=200 "Ea/Enki]], [[god of wisdom]] whom Hammurabi implores to confuse any defacer of his stele, depicted on a [[cylinder seal]] c. 2300 BC")
![relief]] on the [[Louvre]] [[stele]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk.jpg?width=200 "relief]] on the [[Louvre]] [[stele]]")
![[[Babylon]]ian territory before (red) and after (orange) [[Hammurabi]]'s reign](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hammurabi's Babylonia 1.svg?width=200 "[[Babylon]]ian territory before (red) and after (orange) [[Hammurabi]]'s reign")
![The relief portrait of Hammurabi in the [[U.S. Capitol]], by [[Thomas Hudson Jones]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hammurabi bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg?width=200 "The relief portrait of Hammurabi in the [[U.S. Capitol]], by [[Thomas Hudson Jones]]")
![A [[British Museum]] display of tablets from the [[Library of Ashurbanipal]]. The Library lists a copy of the "judgments of Hammurabi" over a millennium after Hammurabi's death.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Library of Ashurbanipal.jpg?width=200 "A [[British Museum]] display of tablets from the [[Library of Ashurbanipal]]. The Library lists a copy of the \"judgments of Hammurabi\" over a millennium after Hammurabi's death.")
![Prologue to the Code of [[Lipit-Ishtar]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Prologue code Lipit-Ishtar AO 5473.jpg?width=200 "Prologue to the Code of [[Lipit-Ishtar]]")
Wikipedia
The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed during 1755–1750 BC. It is the longest, best-organised, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient Near East. It is written in the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian, purportedly by Hammurabi, sixth king of the First Dynasty of Babylon. The primary copy of the text is inscribed on a basalt stele 2.25 m (7 ft 4+1⁄2 in) tall.
The stele was rediscovered in 1901 at the site of Susa in present-day Iran, where it had been taken as plunder six hundred years after its creation. The text itself was copied and studied by Mesopotamian scribes for over a millennium. The stele now resides in the Louvre Museum.
The top of the stele features an image in relief of Hammurabi with Shamash, the Babylonian sun god and god of justice. Below the relief are about 4,130 lines of cuneiform text: one fifth contains a prologue and epilogue in poetic style, while the remaining four fifths contain what are generally called the laws. In the prologue, Hammurabi claims to have been granted his rule by the gods "to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak". The laws are casuistic, expressed as "if ... then" conditional sentences. Their scope is broad, including, for example, criminal law, family law, property law, and commercial law.
Modern scholars responded to the Code with admiration at its perceived fairness and respect for the rule of law, and at the complexity of Old Babylonian society. There was also much discussion of its influence on the Mosaic Law. Scholars quickly identified lex talionis—the "eye for an eye" principle—underlying the two collections. Debate among Assyriologists has since centred around several aspects of the Code: its purpose, its underlying principles, its language, and its relation to earlier and later law collections.
Despite the uncertainty surrounding these issues, Hammurabi is regarded outside Assyriology as an important figure in the history of law and the document as a true legal code. The U.S. Capitol has a relief portrait of Hammurabi alongside those of other historic lawgivers. There are replicas of the stele in numerous institutions, including the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City and the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.
